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nf κbp50  (Santa Cruz Biotechnology)


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    Structured Review

    Santa Cruz Biotechnology nf κbp50
    Nf κbp50, supplied by Santa Cruz Biotechnology, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 461 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/nf+%CE%BAbp50/NF%CE%BAB+p50/pm41781698-292-7-20
    Average 95 stars, based on 461 article reviews
    nf κbp50 - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    95/100 stars

    Images

    Related Articles

    Immunodetection:

    Article Title: Nitric Oxide-Releasing Aspirin Suppresses NF-κB Signaling in Estrogen Receptor Negative Breast Cancer Cells in Vitro and in Vivo
    Article Snippet: .. Immunodetection using antibodies against the NF-κBp50, IκBalpha, Sam68 or β-tubulin (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) was done for 1 h at room temperature or overnight at 4 °C. .. The membranes were developed by the enhanced chemiluminescence system (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA).

    Incubation:

    Article Title: Gypsophila elegans isoorientin-2″-O-α-l-arabinopyranosyl ameliorates porcine serum-induced immune liver fibrosis by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway and suppressing HSC activation.
    Article Snippet: The present study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of Gypsophila elegans isoorientin-2′′-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl (GEI) on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), to reveal the underlying mechanism of GEI against hepatic fibrosis.. Our study showed that GEI significantly alleviated liver injury induced by porcine serum (PS) in rats; it notably alleviated collagen accumulation as evidenced by a significant decrease in the levels of collagen biomarkers including hyaluronic acid, laminin, hydroxyproline and procollagen III N-terminal peptide.. Moreover, GEI treatment markedly decreased the secretion of inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway and significantly inhibited the generation of excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) components by restoring the balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs).

    Fluorescence:

    Article Title: Gypsophila elegans isoorientin-2″-O-α-l-arabinopyranosyl ameliorates porcine serum-induced immune liver fibrosis by inhibiting NF-κB signaling pathway and suppressing HSC activation.
    Article Snippet: The present study was to investigate the inhibitory effect of Gypsophila elegans isoorientin-2′′-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl (GEI) on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), to reveal the underlying mechanism of GEI against hepatic fibrosis.. Our study showed that GEI significantly alleviated liver injury induced by porcine serum (PS) in rats; it notably alleviated collagen accumulation as evidenced by a significant decrease in the levels of collagen biomarkers including hyaluronic acid, laminin, hydroxyproline and procollagen III N-terminal peptide.. Moreover, GEI treatment markedly decreased the secretion of inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway and significantly inhibited the generation of excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) components by restoring the balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs).



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    A ) Total pancreas lysates from wild type mice without (n = 6) and with (n = 9) cerulein, and Ephx2 KO mice without (n = 6) and with (n = 9) cerulein were immunoblotted for pIKKα, pIκBα, pNF-κB and their respective unphosphorylated proteins, <t>NF-κBp50</t> and Tubulin as a loading control. Representative immunoblots (n = 2–3 samples per group) are shown. Bar graphs represent normalized data for pIKKα/IKKα, pIκBα/IκBα, pNF-κB/NF-κB and NF-κBp50/Tubulin as means±SEM (AU: arbitrary units). (*: P≤0.05; **: P≤0.01) indicate significant difference between mice without and with cerulein administration, and (##: P≤0.01) indicates significant difference between WT and KO mice. B ) Total pancreas lysates from wild type mice without (n = 8) and with (n = 8) arginine administration for the indicated times, and Ephx2 KO mice without (n = 8) and with (n = 8) arginine administration were immunoblotted for pIKKα, pIκBα, pNF-κB and their respective unphosphorylated proteins, NF-κBp50 and Tubulin. Representative immunoblots (n = 2–3 samples per group) are shown. Bar graphs represent normalized data for pIKKα/IKKα, pIκBα/IκBα, pNF-κB/NF-κB and NF-κBp50/Tubulin as means±SEM (AU: arbitrary units). (**: P≤0.01) indicates significant difference between mice without and with arginine administration, and (#: P≤0.05; ##: P≤0.01) indicates significant difference between WT and KO mice.
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    A ) Total pancreas lysates from wild type mice without (n = 6) and with (n = 9) cerulein, and Ephx2 KO mice without (n = 6) and with (n = 9) cerulein were immunoblotted for pIKKα, pIκBα, pNF-κB and their respective unphosphorylated proteins, <t>NF-κBp50</t> and Tubulin as a loading control. Representative immunoblots (n = 2–3 samples per group) are shown. Bar graphs represent normalized data for pIKKα/IKKα, pIκBα/IκBα, pNF-κB/NF-κB and NF-κBp50/Tubulin as means±SEM (AU: arbitrary units). (*: P≤0.05; **: P≤0.01) indicate significant difference between mice without and with cerulein administration, and (##: P≤0.01) indicates significant difference between WT and KO mice. B ) Total pancreas lysates from wild type mice without (n = 8) and with (n = 8) arginine administration for the indicated times, and Ephx2 KO mice without (n = 8) and with (n = 8) arginine administration were immunoblotted for pIKKα, pIκBα, pNF-κB and their respective unphosphorylated proteins, NF-κBp50 and Tubulin. Representative immunoblots (n = 2–3 samples per group) are shown. Bar graphs represent normalized data for pIKKα/IKKα, pIκBα/IκBα, pNF-κB/NF-κB and NF-κBp50/Tubulin as means±SEM (AU: arbitrary units). (**: P≤0.01) indicates significant difference between mice without and with arginine administration, and (#: P≤0.05; ##: P≤0.01) indicates significant difference between WT and KO mice.
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    List of antibodies and their information used in this study.
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    Image Search Results


    A ) Total pancreas lysates from wild type mice without (n = 6) and with (n = 9) cerulein, and Ephx2 KO mice without (n = 6) and with (n = 9) cerulein were immunoblotted for pIKKα, pIκBα, pNF-κB and their respective unphosphorylated proteins, NF-κBp50 and Tubulin as a loading control. Representative immunoblots (n = 2–3 samples per group) are shown. Bar graphs represent normalized data for pIKKα/IKKα, pIκBα/IκBα, pNF-κB/NF-κB and NF-κBp50/Tubulin as means±SEM (AU: arbitrary units). (*: P≤0.05; **: P≤0.01) indicate significant difference between mice without and with cerulein administration, and (##: P≤0.01) indicates significant difference between WT and KO mice. B ) Total pancreas lysates from wild type mice without (n = 8) and with (n = 8) arginine administration for the indicated times, and Ephx2 KO mice without (n = 8) and with (n = 8) arginine administration were immunoblotted for pIKKα, pIκBα, pNF-κB and their respective unphosphorylated proteins, NF-κBp50 and Tubulin. Representative immunoblots (n = 2–3 samples per group) are shown. Bar graphs represent normalized data for pIKKα/IKKα, pIκBα/IκBα, pNF-κB/NF-κB and NF-κBp50/Tubulin as means±SEM (AU: arbitrary units). (**: P≤0.01) indicates significant difference between mice without and with arginine administration, and (#: P≤0.05; ##: P≤0.01) indicates significant difference between WT and KO mice.

    Journal: PLoS ONE

    Article Title: Effects of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Deficiency on Acute Pancreatitis in Mice

    doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113019

    Figure Lengend Snippet: A ) Total pancreas lysates from wild type mice without (n = 6) and with (n = 9) cerulein, and Ephx2 KO mice without (n = 6) and with (n = 9) cerulein were immunoblotted for pIKKα, pIκBα, pNF-κB and their respective unphosphorylated proteins, NF-κBp50 and Tubulin as a loading control. Representative immunoblots (n = 2–3 samples per group) are shown. Bar graphs represent normalized data for pIKKα/IKKα, pIκBα/IκBα, pNF-κB/NF-κB and NF-κBp50/Tubulin as means±SEM (AU: arbitrary units). (*: P≤0.05; **: P≤0.01) indicate significant difference between mice without and with cerulein administration, and (##: P≤0.01) indicates significant difference between WT and KO mice. B ) Total pancreas lysates from wild type mice without (n = 8) and with (n = 8) arginine administration for the indicated times, and Ephx2 KO mice without (n = 8) and with (n = 8) arginine administration were immunoblotted for pIKKα, pIκBα, pNF-κB and their respective unphosphorylated proteins, NF-κBp50 and Tubulin. Representative immunoblots (n = 2–3 samples per group) are shown. Bar graphs represent normalized data for pIKKα/IKKα, pIκBα/IκBα, pNF-κB/NF-κB and NF-κBp50/Tubulin as means±SEM (AU: arbitrary units). (**: P≤0.01) indicates significant difference between mice without and with arginine administration, and (#: P≤0.05; ##: P≤0.01) indicates significant difference between WT and KO mice.

    Article Snippet: Immunoblotting of lysates and immunoprecipitates was performed with antibodies for sEH (generated by the Hammock laboratory), cleaved Caspases 8, 9 and 3, PARP, SHP1 and Tubulin (all from Santa Cruz), pp38 (Thr180/Tyr182), p38, pJNK (Thr183/Tyr185), JNK, pIKKα/β (Ser178/180), IKKα/β, pIκBα (Ser32), IκBα, pNF-κBp65 (Ser536), NF-κBp65 and NF-κBp50 (all from Cell Signaling).

    Techniques: Western Blot

    List of antibodies and their information used in this study.

    Journal: Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience

    Article Title: NF-κB and AP-1 are required for the lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of MCP-1, CXCL1, and Cx43 in cultured rat dorsal spinal cord astrocytes

    doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.859558

    Figure Lengend Snippet: List of antibodies and their information used in this study.

    Article Snippet: Astrocytes cultures were stained with rabbit anti-NF-κBp65 antibody (520 μg/ml, 1:350, Proteintech Group, Rosemont, IL, United States), mouse anti-NF-κBp50 antibody (200 μg/ml, 1:350, Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX, United States) or rabbit anti-AP-1 antibody (1200 μg/ml, 1:350, Proteintech Group, Rosemont, IL, United States) overnight.

    Techniques:

    TAK-242 suppresses LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κBp50 and the expression of NF-κBp50, IκB-α, and IKKα in cultured astrocytes. Cells were pretreated with TAK-242 (100 nM, 2 h) and then stimulated with LPS (1 μg/ml, 24 h). (A) Immunofluorescence staining images showed NF-κBp50 localization in astrocytes. Scale bar: 50 μm. (B) The percentage of nuclear p50-positive cells among the total cells was quantified. * p < 0.05 vs. Veh-treated group, + p < 0.05 vs. Veh + LPS-treated group, n = 10 fields (at least 50 cells were counted per condition). (C) WB image of NF-κBp50, IκB-α, and IKKα protein expression. The top panel was the target band, NF-κBp50, IκB-α, and IKKα, and the bottom one was for the loading control β-actin/GAPDH. (D) Statistical analysis of the protein expression of NF-κBp50, IκB-α, and IKKα [intensity ratios (normalized to β-actin or GAPDH expression) relative to the Veh-treated group]. * p < 0.05 vs. Veh-treated group, + p < 0.05 vs. Veh + LPS-treated group, all data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation of at least four independent experiments ( n = 4 per group).

    Journal: Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience

    Article Title: NF-κB and AP-1 are required for the lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of MCP-1, CXCL1, and Cx43 in cultured rat dorsal spinal cord astrocytes

    doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.859558

    Figure Lengend Snippet: TAK-242 suppresses LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κBp50 and the expression of NF-κBp50, IκB-α, and IKKα in cultured astrocytes. Cells were pretreated with TAK-242 (100 nM, 2 h) and then stimulated with LPS (1 μg/ml, 24 h). (A) Immunofluorescence staining images showed NF-κBp50 localization in astrocytes. Scale bar: 50 μm. (B) The percentage of nuclear p50-positive cells among the total cells was quantified. * p < 0.05 vs. Veh-treated group, + p < 0.05 vs. Veh + LPS-treated group, n = 10 fields (at least 50 cells were counted per condition). (C) WB image of NF-κBp50, IκB-α, and IKKα protein expression. The top panel was the target band, NF-κBp50, IκB-α, and IKKα, and the bottom one was for the loading control β-actin/GAPDH. (D) Statistical analysis of the protein expression of NF-κBp50, IκB-α, and IKKα [intensity ratios (normalized to β-actin or GAPDH expression) relative to the Veh-treated group]. * p < 0.05 vs. Veh-treated group, + p < 0.05 vs. Veh + LPS-treated group, all data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation of at least four independent experiments ( n = 4 per group).

    Article Snippet: Astrocytes cultures were stained with rabbit anti-NF-κBp65 antibody (520 μg/ml, 1:350, Proteintech Group, Rosemont, IL, United States), mouse anti-NF-κBp50 antibody (200 μg/ml, 1:350, Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX, United States) or rabbit anti-AP-1 antibody (1200 μg/ml, 1:350, Proteintech Group, Rosemont, IL, United States) overnight.

    Techniques: Translocation Assay, Expressing, Cell Culture, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Control, Standard Deviation

    The treatment with PDTC or SR11302 decreased LPS-induced NF-κBp65, NF-κBp50, and AP-1 DNA binding activity in cultured astrocytes. (A) EMSA analysis was performed on binding reactions (the binding of NF-κBp65 to MCP-1 promoter) conducted in the presence of the indicated μg protein amount of Veh + LPS-treated cells (left). NP, no protein; UP, unlabeled probe; NS, non-specific band. NF-κBp65 DNA binding activity in Veh + LPS-treated cells was analyzed (right). * p < 0.05 vs. 4 μg group, + p < 0.05 vs. 8 μg group, n = 4 per group. (B) EMSA analysis was performed on binding reactions (the binding of NF-κBp65 to MCP-1 promoter) conducted in LPS-treated cells pretreated with or without PDTC or SR11302. For competition, a 100-fold molar excess of unlabelled probe (comp) was added to nuclear extracts from Veh + LPS group. This is a representative of three separate experiments (left). NF-κBp65 DNA binding activity in different groups was analyzed (right). * p < 0.05 vs. Veh-treated group, + p < 0.05 vs. Veh + LPS-treated group, n = 4 per group. (C) EMSA analysis was performed on binding reactions (the binding of NF-κBp50 to MCP-1 promoter) conducted in the presence of the indicated μg protein amount of Veh + LPS-treated cells (left). NP, no protein; UP, unlabeled probe. NF-κBp50 DNA binding activity was analyzed. * p < 0.05 vs. 4 μg group, + p < 0.05 vs. 8 μg group, n = 4 per group. (D) EMSA analysis was performed on binding reactions (the binding of NF-κBp50 to MCP-1 promoter) conducted in LPS-treated cells pretreated with or without PDTC or SR11302. For competition, a 100-fold molar excess of unlabeled probe (comp) was added to nuclear extracts from Veh + LPS group. This is a representative of three separate experiments (left). NF-κBp50 DNA binding activity in different groups was analyzed (right). * p < 0.05 vs. Veh-treated group, + p < 0.05 vs. Veh + LPS-treated group, n = 4 per group. (E) EMSA analysis was performed on binding reactions (the binding of AP-1 to CXCL1 promoter) conducted in the presence of the indicated μg protein amount of Veh + LPS-treated cells (left). NP, no protein; UP, unlabeled probe. AP-1 DNA binding activity was analyzed. * p < 0.05 vs. 4 μg group, + p < 0.05 vs. 8 μg group, n = 4 per group. (F) EMSA analysis was performed on binding reactions (the binding of AP-1 to CXCL1 promoter) conducted in LPS-treated cells pretreated with or without PDTC or SR11302. For competition, a 100-fold molar excess of unlabeled probe (comp) was added to nuclear extracts from Veh + LPS group. AP-1 DNA binding activity in different groups was analyzed (right). * p < 0.05 vs. Veh-treated group, + p < 0.05 vs. Veh + LPS-treated group, n = 4 per group.

    Journal: Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience

    Article Title: NF-κB and AP-1 are required for the lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of MCP-1, CXCL1, and Cx43 in cultured rat dorsal spinal cord astrocytes

    doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.859558

    Figure Lengend Snippet: The treatment with PDTC or SR11302 decreased LPS-induced NF-κBp65, NF-κBp50, and AP-1 DNA binding activity in cultured astrocytes. (A) EMSA analysis was performed on binding reactions (the binding of NF-κBp65 to MCP-1 promoter) conducted in the presence of the indicated μg protein amount of Veh + LPS-treated cells (left). NP, no protein; UP, unlabeled probe; NS, non-specific band. NF-κBp65 DNA binding activity in Veh + LPS-treated cells was analyzed (right). * p < 0.05 vs. 4 μg group, + p < 0.05 vs. 8 μg group, n = 4 per group. (B) EMSA analysis was performed on binding reactions (the binding of NF-κBp65 to MCP-1 promoter) conducted in LPS-treated cells pretreated with or without PDTC or SR11302. For competition, a 100-fold molar excess of unlabelled probe (comp) was added to nuclear extracts from Veh + LPS group. This is a representative of three separate experiments (left). NF-κBp65 DNA binding activity in different groups was analyzed (right). * p < 0.05 vs. Veh-treated group, + p < 0.05 vs. Veh + LPS-treated group, n = 4 per group. (C) EMSA analysis was performed on binding reactions (the binding of NF-κBp50 to MCP-1 promoter) conducted in the presence of the indicated μg protein amount of Veh + LPS-treated cells (left). NP, no protein; UP, unlabeled probe. NF-κBp50 DNA binding activity was analyzed. * p < 0.05 vs. 4 μg group, + p < 0.05 vs. 8 μg group, n = 4 per group. (D) EMSA analysis was performed on binding reactions (the binding of NF-κBp50 to MCP-1 promoter) conducted in LPS-treated cells pretreated with or without PDTC or SR11302. For competition, a 100-fold molar excess of unlabeled probe (comp) was added to nuclear extracts from Veh + LPS group. This is a representative of three separate experiments (left). NF-κBp50 DNA binding activity in different groups was analyzed (right). * p < 0.05 vs. Veh-treated group, + p < 0.05 vs. Veh + LPS-treated group, n = 4 per group. (E) EMSA analysis was performed on binding reactions (the binding of AP-1 to CXCL1 promoter) conducted in the presence of the indicated μg protein amount of Veh + LPS-treated cells (left). NP, no protein; UP, unlabeled probe. AP-1 DNA binding activity was analyzed. * p < 0.05 vs. 4 μg group, + p < 0.05 vs. 8 μg group, n = 4 per group. (F) EMSA analysis was performed on binding reactions (the binding of AP-1 to CXCL1 promoter) conducted in LPS-treated cells pretreated with or without PDTC or SR11302. For competition, a 100-fold molar excess of unlabeled probe (comp) was added to nuclear extracts from Veh + LPS group. AP-1 DNA binding activity in different groups was analyzed (right). * p < 0.05 vs. Veh-treated group, + p < 0.05 vs. Veh + LPS-treated group, n = 4 per group.

    Article Snippet: Astrocytes cultures were stained with rabbit anti-NF-κBp65 antibody (520 μg/ml, 1:350, Proteintech Group, Rosemont, IL, United States), mouse anti-NF-κBp50 antibody (200 μg/ml, 1:350, Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX, United States) or rabbit anti-AP-1 antibody (1200 μg/ml, 1:350, Proteintech Group, Rosemont, IL, United States) overnight.

    Techniques: Binding Assay, Activity Assay, Cell Culture

    The treatment with PDTC or SR11302 decreased LPS-induced NF-κBp65 activity in cultured astrocytes. Cells were pretreated with PDTC (1 μM, 30 min) or SR11302 (10 μM, 2 h) and then stimulated with LPS (1 μg/ml, 24 h). (A) Immunofluorescence staining images showed NF-κBp65 localization. Scale bar: 50 μm. (B) The percentage of nuclear NF-κBp65-positive cells among the total cells was quantified. * p < 0.05 vs. Veh-treated group, + p < 0.05 vs. Veh + LPS-treated group, n = 10 fields (at least 50 cells were counted per condition). (C) RT-qPCR quantitative analysis of NF-κBp65 mRNA expression. * p < 0.05 vs. Veh-treated group, + p < 0.05 vs. Veh + LPS-treated group, n = 5 per group. (D) RT-qPCR quantitative analysis of NF-κBp50 mRNA expression. * p < 0.05 vs. Veh-treated group, + p < 0.05 vs. Veh + LPS-treated group. (E) WB images of NF-κBp65, p-NF-κBp65, NF-κBp50, IκB-α, and IKKα protein expression. The top panel was the target band, NF-κBp65, p-NF-κBp65, NF-κBp50, IκB-α and IKKα, and the bottom one was for the loading control β-actin/GAPDH. (F) Statistical analysis of the protein expression of NF-κBp65, p-NF-κBp65, NF-κBp50, IκB-α, and IKKα [intensity ratios (normalized to β-actin or GAPDH expression) relative to the Veh-treated group]. * p < 0.05 vs. Veh-treated group, + p < 0.05 vs. Veh + LPS-treated group, all data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation of at least four independent experiments ( n = 4 per group).

    Journal: Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience

    Article Title: NF-κB and AP-1 are required for the lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of MCP-1, CXCL1, and Cx43 in cultured rat dorsal spinal cord astrocytes

    doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.859558

    Figure Lengend Snippet: The treatment with PDTC or SR11302 decreased LPS-induced NF-κBp65 activity in cultured astrocytes. Cells were pretreated with PDTC (1 μM, 30 min) or SR11302 (10 μM, 2 h) and then stimulated with LPS (1 μg/ml, 24 h). (A) Immunofluorescence staining images showed NF-κBp65 localization. Scale bar: 50 μm. (B) The percentage of nuclear NF-κBp65-positive cells among the total cells was quantified. * p < 0.05 vs. Veh-treated group, + p < 0.05 vs. Veh + LPS-treated group, n = 10 fields (at least 50 cells were counted per condition). (C) RT-qPCR quantitative analysis of NF-κBp65 mRNA expression. * p < 0.05 vs. Veh-treated group, + p < 0.05 vs. Veh + LPS-treated group, n = 5 per group. (D) RT-qPCR quantitative analysis of NF-κBp50 mRNA expression. * p < 0.05 vs. Veh-treated group, + p < 0.05 vs. Veh + LPS-treated group. (E) WB images of NF-κBp65, p-NF-κBp65, NF-κBp50, IκB-α, and IKKα protein expression. The top panel was the target band, NF-κBp65, p-NF-κBp65, NF-κBp50, IκB-α and IKKα, and the bottom one was for the loading control β-actin/GAPDH. (F) Statistical analysis of the protein expression of NF-κBp65, p-NF-κBp65, NF-κBp50, IκB-α, and IKKα [intensity ratios (normalized to β-actin or GAPDH expression) relative to the Veh-treated group]. * p < 0.05 vs. Veh-treated group, + p < 0.05 vs. Veh + LPS-treated group, all data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation of at least four independent experiments ( n = 4 per group).

    Article Snippet: Astrocytes cultures were stained with rabbit anti-NF-κBp65 antibody (520 μg/ml, 1:350, Proteintech Group, Rosemont, IL, United States), mouse anti-NF-κBp50 antibody (200 μg/ml, 1:350, Santa Cruz, Dallas, TX, United States) or rabbit anti-AP-1 antibody (1200 μg/ml, 1:350, Proteintech Group, Rosemont, IL, United States) overnight.

    Techniques: Activity Assay, Cell Culture, Immunofluorescence, Staining, Quantitative RT-PCR, Expressing, Control, Standard Deviation